Elite athletes require highly specialized fueling strategies to meet the extreme demands of training and competition. Optimal nutrition – including appropriate macronutrients, precise timing, and adequate hydration – is the foundation of peak performance and recovery. In addition, evidence-based ergogenic aids and supplements can further enhance strength, endurance, and adaptation. Below we review four key …

Proprioception—the sense of body position, movement and force—integrates sensory feedback from muscles, tendons, joints and the central nervous system. It underpins basic tasks like standing upright and complex skills like a gymnast’s twist or a sprinter’s stride. At the heart of this system are specialized mechanoreceptors: muscle spindles, which detect muscle length and the speed …